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Bogdan Timofte
authored
2 weeks ago
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# Energy Bus
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## Purpose
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The `energy` bus exposes telemetry for the electrical energy domain: production, storage, grid exchange, and electrical load measurement points.
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This bus is used for energy accounting and historian ingestion, not for user-facing room automation semantics.
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Shared payload, metadata, time, and operational rules are defined in `mqtt_contract.md`.
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Typical systems connected to this bus include:
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- photovoltaic inverters
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- battery systems (BMS and inverter side)
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- UPS systems
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- generators
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- grid meters
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- smart plugs used as electrical measurement points
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## Scope and Ownership
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The `energy` bus owns telemetry that describes electrical topology and electrical flows.
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The `home` bus owns room-centric control semantics.
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Examples:
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- `vad/home/living-room/power/tv/value` is home automation state
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- `vad/energy/load/living-room-entertainment/active_power/value` is electrical load telemetry
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Rule:
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- if the value is for user control in a room context, publish on `home`
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- if the value is for electrical accounting, publish on `energy`
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## Normative Topic Contract (v1)
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All energy topics MUST follow:
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`<site>/energy/<entity_type>/<entity_id>/<metric>/<stream>`
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Where:
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- `<site>`: deployment/site id, for example `vad`
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- `<entity_type>`: one of `source`, `storage`, `grid`, `load`, `transfer`
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- `<entity_id>`: stable kebab-case identifier (no spaces)
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- `<metric>`: canonical metric name in snake_case
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- `<stream>`: one of `value`, `last`, `set`, `meta`, `availability`
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Examples:
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- `vad/energy/source/pv-roof-1/active_power/value`
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- `vad/energy/storage/battery-main/soc/value`
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- `vad/energy/grid/main-meter/import_power/value`
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- `vad/energy/load/living-room-entertainment/active_power/value`
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- `vad/energy/transfer/pv-to-battery/power/value`
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## Stream Semantics
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- `value`: live semantic sample, whether it represents a numeric measurement, a durable state, or a transition-like signal
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- `last`: retained last-known timestamped sample for startup/bootstrap decisions
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- `meta`: static or slowly changing metadata
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- `availability`: online/offline status
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- `set`: write/request command topic (only where command is supported)
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Rules:
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- adapters SHOULD emit live hot-path data only on `value`
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- adapters SHOULD deduplicate repeated `value` samples when the semantic value did not change
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- adapters SHOULD publish retained `last` for the latest known timestamped sample
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- legacy `state` and `event` topics SHOULD be treated as compatibility-only during migration and SHOULD NOT be introduced by new adapters
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Command safety:
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- `set` topics MUST NOT be retained
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- command handlers SHOULD confirm via `value`
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- payload profile and time semantics follow `mqtt_contract.md`
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## Payload Contract
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To optimize Node-RED flow cost, two payload profiles are defined.
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### Profile A: Hot Path Scalar (recommended)
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For high-frequency telemetry, `value` payload SHOULD be scalar (`number` or `boolean`).
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Example:
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- Topic: `vad/energy/source/pv-roof-1/active_power/value`
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- Payload: `3245.7`
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Metadata is published separately on retained `meta`.
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Example:
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- Topic: `vad/energy/source/pv-roof-1/active_power/meta`
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- Payload:
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```json
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{
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"unit": "W",
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"description": "PV inverter AC active power",
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"source": "modbus_adapter",
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"precision": 0.1
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}
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```
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### Profile B: Envelope JSON (optional)
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When observation time or quality must travel with each point:
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```json
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{
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"value": 3245.7,
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"unit": "W",
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"observed_at": "2026-03-08T10:15:12Z",
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"quality": "good"
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}
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```
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Recommendation:
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- prefer Profile A for hot telemetry paths
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- use Profile B for low-rate or quality-critical streams
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- use Profile B when source timestamp fidelity matters
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- use `last` with Profile B and `observed_at` when startup decisions require freshness evaluation
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- do not repeat metadata or adapter internals in `value` payloads
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- keep Profile B envelopes small and canonical
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## Time Semantics
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- `observed_at` means device observation time, not broker receive time
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- if device timestamp exists, adapter MUST preserve it
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- if missing, adapter MAY use ingestion timestamp and mark degraded quality
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## Units and Naming
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Canonical units SHOULD follow SI conventions:
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- power: `W`
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- energy: `Wh` or `kWh`
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- voltage: `V`
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- current: `A`
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- frequency: `Hz`
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- state of charge: `%`
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Naming rules:
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- `entity_id`: kebab-case (example `battery-main`)
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- `metric`: snake_case (example `active_power`, `import_energy_total`)
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## Metric Classes
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The `energy` bus may carry both measurement-style metrics and counter-style metrics.
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Measurement-style examples:
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- `active_power`
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- `voltage`
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- `current`
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- `frequency`
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- `soc`
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- `charge_power`
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- `discharge_power`
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Counter-style cumulative examples:
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- `energy_total`
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- `import_energy_total`
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- `export_energy_total`
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## MQTT Delivery Policy
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Default policy:
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- `value`: QoS 1, retain false
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- `last`: QoS 1, retain true
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- `meta`: QoS 1, retain true
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- `availability`: QoS 1, retain true (use LWT where available)
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- `set`: QoS 1, retain false
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Cold-start rule:
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- startup consumers SHOULD subscribe to retained `last` for the latest known measurement
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- `last` SHOULD include `observed_at` so consumers can reject stale measurements
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- consumers MAY unsubscribe from `last` after bootstrap and continue on live `value`
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If uncertain, choose QoS 1.
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## Node-RED Implementation Optimizations
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Because translation is implemented in Node-RED, the contract is optimized for low-overhead flows.
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Guidelines:
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- keep canonical topic depth fixed to 6 segments after `<site>` to simplify wildcard routing
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- avoid per-message heavy JSON transforms on high-rate streams
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- split metadata to retained `meta` topics to avoid repeated payload bloat
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- publish canonical MQTT-ready messages as early as possible after normalization
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- emit MQTT-ready messages only at the publish boundary
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- do not carry adapter-internal normalization structures on forwarded `msg` objects
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- discard temporary normalization fields before publish
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- keep high-rate `value` streams extremely lightweight
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- centralize mapping tables in one `function` or `change` node set (device id, metric id, unit)
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- use one normalization subflow reused per adapter/protocol
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- avoid broad `#` subscriptions in hot paths; use specific wildcard patterns
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Suggested Node-RED routing subscriptions:
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- `+/energy/+/+/+/value`
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- `+/energy/+/+/+/last`
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- `+/energy/+/+/+/meta`
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- `+/energy/+/+/+/availability`
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## Energy Flow Semantics
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### Production
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Energy generated by a source, usually under `entity_type=source`.
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Examples:
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- `active_power`
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- `energy_total`
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### Storage
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Energy held in storage, under `entity_type=storage`.
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Examples:
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- `soc`
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- `charge_power`
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- `discharge_power`
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### Grid
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Import/export metrics at connection points, under `entity_type=grid`.
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Examples:
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- `import_power`
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- `export_power`
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- `import_energy_total`
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- `export_energy_total`
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### Load
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Electrical load measurement points, under `entity_type=load`.
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Examples:
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- `active_power`
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- `energy_total`
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Note: this is electrical telemetry semantics, not room-control semantics.
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### Transfer
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Flow between subsystems, under `entity_type=transfer`.
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Examples:
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- `pv-to-battery`
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- `battery-to-home`
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## Historian Relationship
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The `energy` bus is a primary source for historian ingestion, but not all energy metrics use the same persistence path.
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Measurement-style metrics such as `active_power`, `voltage`, `current`, `frequency`, `soc`, `charge_power`, and `discharge_power` are compatible with `tdb_ingestion/mqtt_ingestion_api.md`.
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For those metrics, workers should map each incoming message to:
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- `metric_name`
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- `device_id`
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- `value`
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- `observed_at`
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`device_id` recommendation:
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- `<entity_type>.<entity_id>`
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Historian defaults:
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- `value` streams SHOULD be ingested by default for measurement-style metrics
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- `last` streams SHOULD NOT be ingested as normal telemetry samples
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- `meta.historian.mode` SHOULD describe whether a `value` stream represents `sample`, `state`, or `event` semantics
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- when Profile A scalar is used, `observed_at` will usually fall back to ingestion time
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- enum-like state values may need explicit encoding before they can be written through the current PostgreSQL historian API
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- counter-style totals such as `energy_total`, `import_energy_total`, and `export_energy_total` SHOULD remain on the `energy` bus but SHOULD follow the separate contract in `tdb_ingestion/counter_ingestion_api.md` rather than being forced through the current measurement API
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Example:
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- Topic: `vad/energy/storage/battery-main/soc/value`
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- `metric_name = soc`
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- `device_id = storage.battery-main`
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## Design Principles
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- keep semantic ownership clear between buses
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- make energy accounting reconstructable from `energy` topics
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- optimize for deterministic adapter behavior
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- optimize for low-cost Node-RED translation on high-frequency streams
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- keep contract stable and extensible
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